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Back, though, to considering the question: Can יהוה foresee the future? Let us begin by more clearly defining what we mean by "foresee the future." יהוה's name means "He causes to become"; so, what ever God purposes to happen He can foreknow and foretell (prophesy) it will be done. He can foretell it simply because He has the power to cause it to be so. If he chooses the leader of some nation to accomplish some feat, for example, He can then cause that leader to do what He wishes; thus causing the fulfillment of his prophecy. (Isa 44:26-28; 2 Chron 36:22-23) God might in this way interfere temporarily with the freedom of choice of such a leader, as He uses that person to accomplish God's will. Afterward, that individual would still be allowed and responsible for his own free choice as to obedience by faith in Christ, just as we all are. (King Cyrus lived before Christ but in the resurrection he will have the chance to put faith in Christ.)
Apart from those events being directly controlled by God, certain other things happen as a natural consequence of laws or principles; which God can also foreknow. For example: If we hold an apple in front of us and let go, even we can foreknow it will fall to the earth as a natural consequence of physical law. We don't have to doubt; it will do so every single time. When God said Adam would die if he disobeyed, God could foreknow Adams death as a natural consequence of disobedience; just as easily as we can foreknow a motor will slow down and stop truning if we unplug it from the electric source. Adam needed God's direction to know how to do the right thing. Any deviation from those instructions would be a turning away from the correct way of doing things and would eventually lead to death. Obviously, God could foreknow that would happen. Controlling what will happen, and knowing the result of breaking his laws, are both examples of what the Bible means when it says God is the one foretelling the finish from the start. (Isaiah 46:8-11)
The next logical question that must then arises is this: If we were to believe that to mean God can foresee our future in detail, why has He permitted wickedness during all these 6,000 years of Bible record? That is the question asked by every parent who has lost a child: Why didn't God protect my child? Please note what this understanding leads to: If God can foresee our future, why hasn't he simply looked to see where we will be in a few thousand years and moved us forward in time, as it were? He can resurrect the dead to life with all their memories and feelings intact. (Matthew 22:31-32) So... If יהוה (sounds like ) could foresee our future choices, He could simply look to see who we will be after we make those choices and just change us (resurrect us) into who He can see we are going to become. By doing so, He could move mankind past all the pain and suffering now being caused at the hands of the wicked. Do you start to see how this issue impacts your love for God? If we assert God can foresee the future in detail, and that is not true, we are in effect accusing God of being responsible for all the badness done by bad or imperfect men. When someone's little child dies, it is hard for the parent to understand why. It is hard for them not to blame God. Those who assert God took their child to be an angel in heaven do not help. God does not kill little children to make angels. If He doesn't kill them, though, why does He permit them to be killed by others? Understanding that God can not foresee the future will also help us understand why bad exists.
First... To those who say God can do all things and that we can not place limits on the true God: Let me say, that is every bit true! Except... We must also recognize God can choose to limit himself. As an example: God cannot lie! (Titus 1:2) That is a limit he has chosen to place on himself. We can all be very thankful He has done so. As a result of God limiting himself to being upright, we can always depend on worshiping a God of truth. What He says, He will always do! We would be silly not to recognize God cannot lie, and we do not limit him by having knowledge of that fact. There is another limit God has placed upon himself which we do well to recognize: He gave us all freedom of choice. By virtue of that gift, we can choose to be obedient; or, we can choose to be disobedient. (Deuteronomy 30:15-16 ; Deuteronomy 30:19-20) Obedience is a freedom we possess. God could have programmed us with instinct as he seems to have done with the animals. Dogs, for example, behave according to a certain set of instinctive rules. It is unlikely a dog will ever look up at the starry sky and fall upon his knees giving thanks to his Creator for the gift of life. He will not share with others in giving thanks for our earthly home. The dog may enjoy life, but he seems to have no real appreciation that his gift of life came from God. Even if the dog could fall down and worship God, but only doing so because he had been programmed to, how special would his pre-programmed worship really be? Does a computer worship you because it obeys your commands? (That is not to equate the beauty of God's animal creation with a computer.) We humans are created to be very special: As free moral agents, we can choose to worship and give thanks to our Father! We have been given the freedom to choose what we will do with our life, and how we will expend our energies. We can be helpful and loving to others as we attempt to magnify our God, (Luke 1:46-47) or we can choose to resist his efforts; thereby choosing to be wicked. Humans also have the gift of procreation: We can produce new little free moral agents, who also have the gift of choice. Even the Angels don't possess the gift of creating other angels. Happily, we and our little ones can use our free will to love and obey our heavenly Father: (John 4:34) Learning and being ever thankful He always has our best interest in focus. (Hebrews 11:6 ; Isaiah 48:17) If God had programmed us to be obedient, we would be little more than exquisitely made, self replicating, robots; just following the rules of our programming. We would not, and we could not, be God's true friends. (Isa 4:8; Jas 2:23) God has given us freedom as sons and daughters! (Rom 8:19-21) Like Abraham, we can become God's friends. (Isa 41:8)
So... יהוה God could foreknow that if Adam disobeyed (sinned) he would die as a natural consequence of separating himself from his Creator's blessings and protection; but, God could not foresee whether Adam would choose to disobey. God has limited himself in that regard; He limited himself by giving Adam the freedom to make that choice. Could יהוה foreknow that some of his earthly sons might disobey? Probably. It is possible a rebellious spirit had already developed in Satan even before the creation of Adam and Eve. God would certainly have known if it had. (Mark 2:6-8) For a certainty, יהוה could foresee that the gift of life to his free sons and daughters was good and worth giving. That is why He made it so. If some choose to become bad and throw away that gift, it does not lower the value of the gift to God's obedient children.
That is what the problems we live through in this old system amount to. God is patiently dealing with those who refuse to be obedient: And, we should remember, we all started our life in that crowd of disobedient ones. If we must suffer because of disobedience, it does not make it God's fault. God does not kill little children to make angels. Disobedience to God (sin) is what brought about death; sometimes of little children, and eventually of everyone. (Rom 5:12) God created the resurrection in order to undo the death our sinful choices brought. We might reflect on it this way: If you saw your young child reaching to touch something that would give him a minor burn, you would certainly tell him no. If you could see he was going to disobey and touch it anyway, you might allow him to do so: Knowing his minor burn might teach him why he needed to obey. It might help him realize you have only his care and protection in mind going forward. Your tolerating his disobedience, just long enough to give him a better understanding of the outcome of his choice, might protect him from later running in front of a car; or even worse. (If you burned your finger as a young child, that burn was your whole world for a few minutes. You thought of nothing else. When it stopped hurting, it was no longer a concern. In a week it was a small matter. As an adult, you might not even remember. So it will be with the pains we suffer in this old system.) Though some individuals may harm (or have harmed) us by abusing their gift of freedom, יהוה will make (and is making) it all better! We have most certainly harmed others as well. (Ecclesiastes 7:22) We are thankful for God's patience in our behalf. Realizing we made mistakes that hurt others, we should in turn be patient with the sins of other people.
God's inability to foresee our choices is illustrated for us in the example of Abraham: Abraham loved God and was faithful to יהוה all through his life. (Genesis 11:27 through Genesis 25) As a result of his early faithfulness, God promised a youthful Abraham [Abram] He would cause all the nations of the earth to bless themselves by means of Abraham's seed. (Genesis 12:1-3) Abraham loved that promise! He realized that promise meant the hoped for messiah (Genesis 3:15) would come through his descendants; (Matthew 1:1) and later, that the promised deliverer would come through his son Isaac. (Gen 21:12) From the test that came upon Abraham, we might infer that Abraham started to love that promise too much. Abraham apparently loved Isaac, and the promises associated with him so much, God could no longer be certain whether Abraham loved God, or just God's promises of good things. There is a big difference, and, if God couldn't know, it meant Abraham hadn't fully decided! God intends and wants us to love life and good things; as those good gifts are all from him, because he loves us. We can never forget, though, who provides those gifts. That is not vanity on God's part! If we allow the gifts to become our God, (the gifts to become the love of our heart,) we have made good things into bad. Failure to remember that our Father is the giver of life, and that He alone is good, (Mark 10:18) will make us turn to doing bad (and will cause harm). That is the freedom of choice we have been given. We choose to appreciate the Father of our life, or we choose not to. Because Abraham had apparently become divided in his love for God, יהוה requested Abraham to sacrifice Isaac. What would Abraham do? He had expended his whole life looking forward to a promise that was finally realized in Isaac; but all that didn't happen until Abraham was in his old age. Wouldn't the death of Isaac amount to a breaking of God's promises to Abraham? Abraham resolved the matter in his own heart, and then (as good as) offered up Isaac without hesitation. God did not allow Isaac to be put to death, of course, but by his request He helped Abraham to fully and completely make the choice as to what was most important. Because of his faithful obedience, Abraham came to be called God's friend. (James 2:21-23) Just think about that! Abraham was a personal friend to the Creator of everything we can know. God can know what is in our heart, but not before we have first fully decided who we are. We must choose if we love God, or if we are rebellious. That is our gift: Our freedom of choice. And, that choice defines who we are. A wise choice to obedience and thanksgiving will become a treasure we can carry forever! (Deuteronomy 30:15-16 ; Deuteronomy 30:19-20)
Not only can God see what is in our heart (after we first define what that is), יהוה can get to know us well enough to judge that we are righteous. Abraham was likely judged righteous at the time God called him friend. With his decision to obey even under great test, Abraham unreservedly decided in his heart God was most important to him, and by that display of faith he became God's friend. Of course, Abraham will still need to be resurrected and exercise faith in Christ Jesus; but God's calling Abraham friend likely indicates God is certain Abraham will do so. What ever the case with Abraham, we can see God's perfect ability to judge one as righteous made plain in the example of Christ Jesus. Satan basically said we are all bad, and that we will all fail when put to the test. (Job 1:11) Satan said we will fail when it costs us something to remain faithful. יהוה said that was not so, and that He knew one individual well enough to know that one would never prove unfaithful. (Psalms 40:7-8) Jesus then came to earth as a man with responsibility to make that prophecy come true. (Philippians 2:8-11 ; Matthew 26:39) The Bible tells us Jesus learned obedience from the things he suffered. (Hebrews 5:8) Jesus had been obedient all his life, of course, but his obedience had always resulted in blessings at his Father's hand. Now, though, for the first time, obedience by Jesus would cost him something. It cost him the most precious thing he had (that could be taken from him): His very life. Jesus suffered a horrible death both physically painful and spiritually humiliating (punished as an asserted enemy of truth). No one could conceivably be asked by Satan to give more! Even so, Jesus remained faithful, just as